11-7-24, 11-8-24

Always Declare Document Type

A consistent, clean, and tidy HTML code makes it easier for others to read and understand your code. Here are some guidelines and tips for creating good HTML code.

Always declare the document type as the first line in your document. The currect document type for HTML is:

Use Lowercase Element Names

HTML allows mixing uppercase and lowercase letters in element names. However, we recommend using lowercase elemet names, because:

Mixing uppercase and lowercase names looks bad
Developers normally use lowercase names
Lowercase looks cleaner
Lowercase is easier to write

Good:

<body>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>

Bad:

<BODY>
<P>This is a paragraph.</P>
</BODY>

Close All HTML Elements

In HTML, you do not have to close all elements (for example the <p> element). However we strongly recommend closing all HTML elements, like this:

Good:

<section>
<p>This is a paragraph.<p>
<p>This is a paragraph.<p>
<section>

Bad:

<section>
<p>This is a paragraph.
<p>This is a paragraph.
<section>

Use Lowercase Attribute Names

HTML allows mixing uppercase and loercase letters in attribute names. However, we recommend using lowercase attribute names, because:

Mixing uppercase and lowercase names looks bad
Developers normally use lowercase names
Lowerces looks cleaner
Lowercase is easier to write

Good:

<a href="https://www.w3schools.com/html">Visit our HTML tutorial</a>

Bad:

<a HREF="https://www/w3schools.com/html/">Visit our HTML tutorial</a>

Always Quote Attribute Values

HTML allows attribute values without quotes. However, we recommend quoting attribute values, because:

Developers normally quote attribute values
Quoted values are easer to read
You MUST use quotes if the value contains spaces

Good:

Bad:

Very bad:

This will not work, because the value contains spaces:

Always Specify alt, width, and height for images

Always specifiy the alt attribute for images. This attribute is important if the image for some reason cannot be displayed. Also, always define the width and height of images. This reduces flickering, because the browser can reserve space for the image before loading.

Good:

Bad:

Spaces and Equal Signs

HTML allows spaces around equal signs. But space-less is easier to read and groups entities better together.

Good:

Bad:

Avoid Long Code Lines

When using an HTML editor, it is NOT convenient to scroll right and left to read the HTML code. Try to avoid too long code lines.

Blank Lines and Indentation

Do not add blank lines, spaces, or indentation without a reason. For readability, add blank lines to separate large or logical code blocks. For readability, add two spaces of indantation. Do not use the tab key.

Good:

<body>

<h1>Famous Cities</h1>

<h2>Tokyo<h2>
<p>Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, and the most populous metropolitan area in the world.</p>

<h2>London</h2>
<p>London is the capital city of England. It is the populous city in United Kingdom.</p>

<h2>Paris<h2>
<p>London is the capital of France. The Paris area is one of the largest population centers in Europe.</p>

Bad:

<h1>Famous Cities</h1> <h2>Tokyo</h2><p>Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, and the most populous metropolitan area in the world.</p> <h2>London</h2><p>London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom.</p> <h2>Paris</h2><p>Paris is the capital of France. The Paris area is one of the largest population centers in Europe.</p>
</body>

Good Table Example:

<table>
<tr>
<th>Name<th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>A</td>
<td>Description of A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>B</td>
<td>Description of B</td>
</tr>
</table>

Never Skip the <title> Element

The contents of a page title is very importantfor search engine optimization (SEO)! The page title is used by search engine algorithms to decide the order when listing pages in search results.

The <title> element:

defines a title in the browser toolbar
provides a title for the page when it is added to favorites
displays a title for the page in search-engine results

However, we strongly recommend to always add the <

So, try to make the title as accurate and meanful as possible:

<title>Html Style Guide and Coding Conventions</title>

Omitting <html> and <body>?

However, we strongly recommend to always add the <html> and <body> tags! Omitting <body> can produce errors in older browsers. Omitting <html> and <body> can also crash DOM and XML sofware.

An HTML page will validate whithout the <html> and <body> tags:

This is a heading

This is a paragraph.

Omitting <head>?

The HTML <head> tag can also be omitted. Browsers will add all elements before <body, to a default <head> element.

However, we recommend using the <head> tag.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<title>Page Title</title>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

11-9-24

Close Empty HTML Elements?

In HTML, it is optional to close empty elements.

If you expect XML/XHTML software to access your page, keep the closing slash (/), because it is required in XML and XHTML.

Allowed:

Also Allowed:

Add the lang Attribute

You should always include the lang attribute inside the <html> tag, to declare the language of the Web page. This is meant to assist search engines and browsers.

<DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-us">
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>

<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

Meta Data

To ensure proper interpretation and correct search engine indexing, both the language and the character encoding <meta charset="charset"> should be defined as early as possible in an HTML document:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-us">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>

Setting The Veiwport

The veiwport is the user's visible area of a web page. It varies with the device - it will be smaller on a mobile phone than on a computer screen. You should include the following <meta> element in all your web pages:

This gives the browser instructinos on how to control the page's dimensions and scaling. The width=device-width part sets the width of the page to follow the screen-width of the device (which will vary depending on the device). The initial-scale=1.0 part sets the initial zoom level when the page is first loaded by the browser.

HTML Comments

Short comments should be written on one line, like this:

Comments that spans more than one line, should be like this:

Long comments are easier to observe if they are indented with two spaces.

Using Style Sheets

Use simple syntax for linking to style sheets (the type attribute is not necessary):

Short CSS rules can be writen compressed, like this:

p.intro {font-family:Verdana;font-size:16em;}

Long CSS rules should be written over multiple lines:

body {
background-color: lightgrey;
font-family: "Arial Black", Helvetica, sans-serif;
font-size:16em;
color: black;
}

Place the opening bracket on the same line as the selector
Use one space before the opening bracket
Use two spaces of indentation
Use semicollon after each property-value pair, including the last
Only use quotes around values if the value contains spaces
Place the closing bracket on a new line, without leading spaces

Loading JavaScript in HTML

Use simple syntax for loading external scripts (the type attribute is not necessary):

Accessing HTML Elements with JavaScript

Using "untidy" HTML code can result in JavaScript errors. These two JavaScript statements will produce different results:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<p id="Demo">This is paragraph 1</p>
<p id="demo">This is paragraph 2</p>

<script>
// Only paragraph 2 will be overwritten
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "HELLO.";
</script>

</script>
</html>

Use Lower Case File Names

Some web servers (Apache, Unix) are case sensitive about file names: "london.jpg" cannot be accessed as "London.jpg. Other web servers (Microsoft, IIS) are not case sensitive: "london.jpg" can be accessed as "London.jpg". If you use a mix of uppercase and lowercase, you have to be aware of this. If you move from a case-insensitive to a case-sensitive server, even small errors will break your web! To avoid these problems, always use lowercase file names!

File Extensions

HTML files should have a .html exetension (.htm is allowed). CSS files should have a .css extension. JavaScript files should have a .js extension.

Differences Between .htm and .html?

There is no difference between the .htm and .html file extensions! Both will be treated as HTML by any web browser and web server.

Default Filenames

When a URL does not specify a filename at the end (like "https://www.w3schools.com/"), the server just adds a default filename, such as "index.html", "index.htm", "default.html", or "default.htm". If your server is configured only with "index.html" as the default filename, your file must be named "index.html", and not "default.html". However, servers can be configured with more than one default filename; usually you can set up as many filenames asyou want.